十项儿童心理学实验，值得细细品读（上）
<div style="max-width:677px !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" style="" face="宋体">儿童发展心理学——并不仅仅是关于孩子的研究，还可以帮助我们理解自己如何成为现在的样子。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">就像了解自己的历史可以对未来有所借鉴，儿童发展心理学展现了我们的过去，甚至包括我们的将来。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">今明两天我们将介绍心理学几个重要领域中的10个经典研究。细细品味过任何一个实验，都将提醒我们，一些现在看来“为什么会这样”的事情是“原来如此”。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">01</font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">婴儿早期记忆</font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">很久很久以前，虽然现在看起来已模糊不清，我们都曾是孩子。我们咯咯笑、大哭、大笑、探索、摔倒，我们对于刚刚起步的这条旅途几乎一无所知。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">除非遭遇不幸，在生命最初的几年中，我们产生了记忆、语言、自我意识、记忆认知、社会和情绪能力。我们向着未来的自己走出了最初的几步。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">婴儿从很早就有记忆。有些人认为，我们不可能记得2到4岁之前的任何事情。另一些人则认为我们能记住那之前的事——可能甚至能追溯至出生之前。“儿童期失忆”可不好研究，因为我们很难证明成人最早的记忆是真实的还是想象的。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">不过心理学家也进行了一些研究，通过一系列经典实验来检查幼年的记忆形成。如果真的很早就有记忆，那么从理论上成人当然可能记住很早期的经历。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">上世纪六十年代，Carolyn Rovee-Collier（现任职于Rutgers大学）教授和同事们设计了一个经典实验。通过这个实验，我们得以了解婴儿记忆的机制。这种方式提供了关于婴儿记忆何时、如何发展的重要证据。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">在他们的实验中，Rovee & Rovee让9-12周大的婴儿舒适地躺在家中的摇篮中，向上看着一个色彩鲜艳的木头旋转风铃。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">在他们的脚上系一条绳子，另一端连到旋转风铃上。所以当孩子踢脚的时候，风铃就会动。如果他踢得用力，那些木头装饰就会相互撞击发出悦耳的敲击声。小孩踢得越多，他们就可以听到更多的敲击声。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">如果你知道巴普洛夫和他那只流哈喇子的狗，那理解这个实验应该没什么问题。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这个实验就是看看婴儿可不可以对踢脚让小车移动产生条件反射。</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">研究者首先记录婴儿踢脚次数的基础水平（小车没有连到脚上），</span></span><span style="max-width: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">之后将有相关结果（风铃动了！）的踢脚次数进行比较。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">发现八周大的婴儿就可以掌握踢脚和风铃转动之间的关联。在45-55分钟之后，这种概念依然不会削减。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">虽然这个原始发现价值不大，但是利用这一程序导致了之后很多有关婴儿记忆的新发现的出现。比如，在后续实验用不同的旋转风铃代替了旋转的小车，看看婴儿是否可以分别不同，以此来测试他们是否真的记住了。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">另一项实验中，只有八周的婴儿接受了为期三天，每天9分钟的旋转风铃训练。24小时之后，只有使用相同的风铃，婴儿才会比基础水平踢的多。这说明他们记得训练他们所使用的风铃而并不是随便一个就风铃。这是一个特别激动人心的发现，因为在那之前人们认为长期记忆（24小时对心理学家就算长期了）直到8或9个月才会出现。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">因为这个和类似的一些实验，我们现在更多地了解了婴儿记忆。我们的记忆系统实际上从很早起开始就工作得相当好。儿童的记忆也差不多和成人的有相同的工作方式——只不过婴儿的记忆更加脆弱而已。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Carolyn Rovee-Collier怀疑婴儿期失忆是否真的存在。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">看起来，我们的大脑确实可以在一岁之内就存储长期记忆。成年后很难提取这时期的记忆是因为我们的早期记忆系统功能有限，之后又受到以后生活的干扰。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0); letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">领悟：</font></span></strong></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0); letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></strong></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">想想看，如果我们真的记得从出生开始的所有事情，也是一件可怕的事情吧——幸亏忘的比记得多得多。</font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体">虽然，最终我们会不可避免的忘记早期细节信息，但是这期间的创伤性记忆以及情绪感受的记忆，其实始终存在于我们头脑中，并或多或少影响着我们现在的一言一行。</font></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">02</font></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">自我概念的形成</font></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">自我概念，或者说对自己的认识和理解，奠定了我们行为处事的基础。</font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这个经典实验，向我们揭示了婴儿什么时候知道“我就是我”。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">至今为止，“镜子测试”依然是最好的检查婴儿自我概念出现的实验。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">自我概念的出现：镜子里的是我么？大多数人总是首先想到自己，因此我们很难想象曾几何时，我们没有“我”的概念。上世纪70年代初的一个简单实验显示，直到2岁左右，我们还不能在镜子里认出自己。由于这个研究，以及后来一些延伸的实验，一些观点认为直到2岁生日，我们才出现自我概念。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">1972年，北卡罗来纳州大学的 Beulah Amsterdam发表了一项实验，从此开启了随后几十年关于自我认识的研究。实验的过程很简单。首先悄悄地在6-24个月的婴儿鼻子上粘一小红点，然后把他们放在镜子前。孩子的妈妈指着镜子里的影像问孩子：“那是谁？”之后研究者们开始观察婴儿的反应。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">Amsterdam测试了88个婴儿，最终只能得到16个孩子的可靠资料——婴儿终究是婴儿，而且很多孩子不想玩。从这16个婴儿身上，Amsterdam发现了三类反应：</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 6-12个月：那是别的孩子！婴儿的行为好像在镜子里的是另一个人——一个他们想友好相处的人。他们会做出接近的动作，比如微笑、发出声音等。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 13-24个月：退缩。婴儿看到自己在镜子里面的样子不再感到特别兴奋。有些看起来有些警惕，而另一些则会偶尔微笑一下并弄出些声音。对这种行为的一种解释是婴儿这时的行为很自觉（感到自己存在，可能表现出自我概念），但是这也可能是面对其他孩子的反应。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 20-24个月以后：那是我！大约从这个时候开始，婴儿开始能够通过指着自己鼻子上的红点，清楚地认出自己。这明确地表明他们认出镜子里的是自己，而那块棉球是在自己的鼻子上。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">虽然Amsterdam的结果是通过小样本得出的，之后在更多的被试身上得到了同样的结果。另外，之后设立控制情况的实验发现，这个年龄段的孩子孩子如果鼻子上没有红点就不会碰自己的鼻子。这说明摸鼻子并不是他们看到自己影像的自然反应。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">当然这个实验简化了大量的复杂心理过程。心理学家就镜子实验到底揭示了什么提出很多问题。比如，有可能婴儿在2岁之前还不能很好地分辨面孔。所以，他们可能在更早的时候产生自我概念。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">另一种可能是，在两岁左右，婴儿产生了牢固的外表或视觉的自我概念，不过还没什么心理的自我概念。如果是这种情况，测试说明我们知道我们看起来很像，可能我们需要到更久以后才产生自我概念。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">当然，这仅仅是两个常见的解释，你也许也会想出更多其他解释。而这种多元可能性，也正显示了儿童心理学研究中一个重大障碍：由于只有有限的实验可以在孩子身上实践，因此结论特别模棱两可。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">而尽管有这么多的可能解释，这么多年来镜子实验依然牢不可催并且继续得到应用，可见其重要性。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">镜子实验之所以长盛不衰，其中一个原因是，从其他我们对孩子的了解，自我概念这时应该已经产生了。正是2到4岁这段时间，孩子们开始迅速发展出很多社会性行为。简单的互动没有大用，能够区分自己和他人才是成功的社会关系的基础。如果婴儿没有一定的自我概念，他们大概不可能和别人建立关系。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">镜子实验也被用于测试动物的自我概念，实际上，在Amsterdam之前，这个实验最早是由Gordon Gallup教授用于黑猩猩的研究。所有的大型类人猿都“通过”了测试，其他还有海豚、鲸鱼和大象。在最近的一项实验中，一个8英尺高的镜子被摆放在纽约Bronx公园的大象笼里。研究者在大象的头上画上记号，他们观察到大象去碰他们自己脑袋上的记号。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">大象和其他能够通</span></span><span style="max-width: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">过这项实验的动物，都拥有复杂的社会体系，这并不是巧合。基本的自我识别是与其他动物交流的关键；</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">领悟：</font></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">有了自我概念这个知识，婴儿们开始一摇一摆地进入了社会性的世界。</font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">没有人是完全脱离社会性，自己活着的，但对于“我”的理解，对于“镜子”中影像赋予的权重和意义，其实还是由我们自身的发育和认知来掌控的。</font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">而自我概念自婴儿期形成后，也一直在我们的人生成长中不断地丰富、变化着，家庭、社会、他人都只是我们参照的“镜子”，照出的也是不同形态的自我，关键在于，你怎么解读“镜子外这个人”。<br></font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体">03</font></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">儿童学习发展</span></strong></span><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">学习应该是整个儿童时代最重要的工作。</font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">下面这个实验就介绍了孩子接受新知识的过程。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">举个例子：孩子怎么明白地球不是圆的？</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">关于儿童时期学习过程的经典实验指出：真正的理解建立在放弃固有的成见之上。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">想想那些我们都慢慢接受的知识：人类是从猴子进化的，用字母代替数字可以帮助解决问题，地球是个绕着太阳转的圆球。他们除了可以帮助我们更好地了解周围的事情，这些事实如今看来微不足道，似乎上学时只用一天的课程就可以掌握。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">不论这些概念现在看起来多么明显，曾经一度我们无论如何也弄不明白，那时候我们坚信算数只能用数字、人类是特殊的物种，而地球是平的。孩子们如何扭转了对世界的理解，这是儿童心理学中最引人入胜的领域之一。不过这不仅仅与儿童有关，我们总要时不时地接受新的概念——虽然可能不是物种起源这么重大的问题。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">我们很容易认为学习主要与记忆有关——特别是糟糕的教育中，学习就是死记硬背。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">当然更好的学习方式，不仅是知其然，还要只求所以然。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">那么是何种认知过程让我们从死记硬背发展成真正的理解呢？</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">Stella Vosniadou 和 William Brewer 曾经进行过一项经典的儿童心理学实验，让人们了解了我们如何“知其所以然”。实验的根据是一种叫做“心理模型”的认知心理学理论，这种理论认为我们先建造一个解释某件事情原理的心理模型，然后测试这个模型，以获得对于周遭的理解。这个理论指出在我们理解一个概念的过程中，可能有一系列的中间点，每达到一处都了解了事情的一个部分而非全部。Vosniadou 和 Brewer希望从这些心理模型的中间点中找出证据说明理解的发展过程。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">Vosniadou 和 Brewer在实验中共采访了60个6-11岁的孩子。每个孩子需要回答48个问题，开始的问题很简单：“地球是什么形状的？”，后面的设计的问题则更有试探性，用以了解孩子有关地球的心理模型。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">尽管大多数孩子开始的时候都说地球是圆的，研究者很快发现孩子们有各种各样的心理模型。当问到如果你年复一年一直走路会发生什么情况，很多孩子说会掉下去，考虑到他们认为地球是个圆球，这个答案让人吃惊。有些孩子甚至说你会掉到其他的星球上。还有孩子说虽然地球是圆的，但我们住在地球里面的一个平面上。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">最初，这些答案看起来杂乱无章也不具统一性，好像是孩子们自己编造出来的。但随着进一步提问，出现了一个明确的回答模式（括号的数字包含了具有该种心理模型的孩子的数量）。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 长方形的地球：认为地球是一个平的长方形，你可能掉下去（1/60）</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 圆盘形的地球：认为地球是一个平的盘子，你可能掉下去（1/60）</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 两个地球：认为我们站在一个“地球”上，它是平的，而另一个在天上的“地球”是圆的。这个答案说明当被问到“地面”的时候，他们认为这个星球是平的，；而被问“地球”则认为是圆的（8/60）</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 空心球：认为我们住在地球内部的一块平地上（12/60）</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 铺平的球体：认为地球是个铺平的圆球，人可以在上面（和下面）生活(4/60)</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 球形：随着年龄的增长，持有地球是球状的常规观点的孩子稳步增多。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 混合模型：剩下的孩子或者是没有给出统一的答案，或者难以归纳出一种模型（11/60）</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">以上结果说明我们需要一个发展过程来接受一个本来犹如天方夜谭的全新概念。日常生活的经验告诉我们，地球一定是圆的。否则，向下的重力会把我们拽到。这是我们最初关于地球的“心理模型”。之后我们被告之地球差不多是个球形，而我们尽力改造原有的模型，但过了一段时候我们发现我们陷入了两难的处境。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">这些心理模型的中间点指出，我们为了弄清一个新的概念，最初想通过某种办法，将其归入已有的理解中。认为地球是个空心球，或者认为有两个地球就是这样的例子。这两种模型都希望能同时维持“地球是平的”和“地球是圆的”两个概念。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">让孩子很难学习新知识的是从日常经验得来的固有思维：地球是平的。如果他们不能放弃看待地球的老眼光，就很难全部接受新的观点；他们只能创造一个不伦不类的混合体，偶尔也可能有些奇思妙想。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">领悟：</font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">从个人经验得出的建立起的固有思维很顽强，是很难放弃的，即使矛盾的证据明明白白地摆到面前。</font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">我们都有这样的经验，学习一门全新的知识，远比我们纠正固有的观念容易。所谓“旧的不去，新的不来”，新旧观点的冲突会让我们产生困惑。</font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">有时候，真正的理解有时候并不仅仅是学习新的观念，而更多的是放弃原来的观念。</font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体">04</font></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">依恋类型</span></strong></span><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">有个传说讲是我们本来都是一个圆，一辈子都在寻找自己的missing piece。其实，我们缺的这个角，并不是在喝孟婆汤、过奈何桥的时候遗失的。对婴儿父母的早期依恋，可能就是那块被遗忘的拼图。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><font size="3" face="宋体">你有没有发现自己总是在找同样的类型、总喜欢相似的人？根据依恋理论，我们的成人关系很大程度上重复着几个月大时和母亲之间的关系。</font></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">我们是社会动物，和他人建立关系是生存的必须，并将帮助我们走过漫漫人生路。对那些不善于人际关系的人来说，平常生活中“付出-得到”这种常见相处方式往往都很难应对。他们可能变得对他人充满敌意，学业也可能出现问题，在以后的人生中更可能出现精神疾病。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">正因如此，心理学家会对我们与最初的主要抚养者之间形成的第一段关系极为关注。这段最初的关系对于我们未来的各种关系至关重要，它影响着我们和配偶、同事、子女之间的相处。虽然你不能把所有责任都推给父母，但早期的关系就像一个模板，会对以后的生活打上烙印。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">我们将最初的关系称为“依恋”，它的发展至关重要。很自然，儿童心理学家意识到了解孩子和父母之间的依恋程度非常有用。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">不过问题来了：你怎么来测量依恋？8个月的婴儿可说不出什么有用的话，而家长的报告往往并不可靠。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">很显然，心理学家需要观察抚养者和孩子之间的互动。著名儿童心理学家Mary Ainsworth和同事发展了一种研究孩子和抚养者之间感情依恋的方法，而这一方法目前已成为这一领域的标准程序。不少人认为这是研究儿童社会性和情感发展的最有力的实验。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">陌生情境实验：窥视儿童的过去与未来</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">Ainsworth基于人类最基本的情绪——害怕，设计了她的实验。当婴儿对抚养者产生依恋，6个月之后，会在下面这两个容易复制的情境中感到害怕。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">陌生人焦虑：6个月之后，婴儿往往会开始害怕陌生人。当抚养者不在场的时候，尤其如此。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">分离抗议：大概与此同时，也是6个月的时候，当抚养者离开的时候婴儿也会开始感到沮丧。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">为了研究婴儿和抚养者之间如何互动，Ainsworth设计了一系列互动性实验，来测试婴儿在陌生人焦虑和分离焦虑情境下的反应。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">实验的过程就像精心编排的芭蕾舞，每一幕大约3分钟：</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 实验者将婴儿和抚养者安排在实验的房间里，随后离开。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 当婴儿探索房间的时候，抚养者什么都不做。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 进来一个陌生人，前一分钟什么都不说，之后开始和抚养者说话。再过一分钟，陌生人开始接近婴儿。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 然后，抚养者尽量小心地离开房间，这时候，房间里只有婴儿和陌生人。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 抚养者回来安抚婴儿，然后再离开。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 婴儿一个人在房间里。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 陌生人进来，开始和婴儿玩。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">▲ 抚养者回来，陌生人离开。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">就像你看到的，随着实验的进行，这些情境对于婴儿来说，越来越陌生。最开始，婴儿只是在一个陌生的房间里，然后陌生人进来了，然后陌生人开始和他们说话，最后连抚养者也看不到了。婴儿的压力也越来越大。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><font size="3" face="宋体">实验结论：</font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体">在很多婴儿身上重复实验之后，Ainsworth从资料中分析发现了一个令人惊喜的规律。在观察到的现象中，最有意思的是当抚养者回来之后孩子的反应。根据在母亲回来后婴儿的反应，分析得出三种不同的依恋类型，其中一种是“好”的，另两种则被成为“混乱的依恋类型”。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">安全型依恋：</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这种婴儿对母亲的依恋很有安全感，在抚养者离开的时候会有些沮丧，但当他们回来的时候就会很开心而且可以很快平静。深入的研究显示70%的婴儿属于这个类型。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不完全/回避型依恋：</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这些孩子对抚养者没什么兴趣，但当抚养者离开房间的时候会大哭。奇怪的是，当抚养者回来的时候他们也不觉得高兴，总是转过身哭着就爬开了。大约20%的婴儿属于这种类型。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不安全/抗拒型依恋：</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这些婴儿最开始不想离开抚养者去探索新环境。之后，和不完全/回避型一样，当抚养者离开的时候他们会大哭，抚养者回来并想靠近婴儿的时候，他们又开始抗拒。他们看起来很生气。大约10%的婴儿属于这种类型。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">以后的研究又确认了另一种不安全依恋类型：</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong>不安全/混乱型依恋：</strong></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">这些婴儿没有固定的模式，他们看起来总是害怕抚养者，并对其感到迷惑。对婴儿来说，压力经常过大。这种依恋类型和抑郁的抚养者或者儿童虐待有关。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">为什么婴儿会形成不同的依恋类型？关于</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">依恋类型的成因，研究者们后续也进行了大量的研究。抚养者如何对待婴儿是研究的焦点。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体">安全型依恋被认为和抚养者的这些特征有关：</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 感觉敏锐而有责任心</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 鼓励双方的互动</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 温暖和接受的态度</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">那些明显与上述特征相反的行为或态度更容易导致不安全的依恋类型。还有研究发现婴儿的气质（性格）也是一个重要因素。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">另外，很多研究者都认为依恋类型会导致很重要的社会性、情绪和认知方面的结果。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">有些研究者认为婴儿早期的依恋越积极，他们长大后就可以更成功地离开抚养者。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体">安全型依恋的一些好处包括：</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 更自信</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 更多朋友</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 成人阶段的关系更好</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">与之相反，不安全型依恋的孩子更容易：</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 呈现更多负面情绪</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 有行为问题</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 对其他孩子充满敌意</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">当然科学界也有关于“陌生情境”实验的批判，认为这样的设置，实验的这个场景太奇怪了。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">比如：</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 为什么抚养者要特地不理睬婴儿？</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 婴儿真的可以注意到实验过程中周围人的来来去去？</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 其他文化中，是不是也一样？</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">虽然有这些批评，“陌生情境实验”还是很好的回答了很多问题。它为了解我们最早的、和抚养者之间形成的关系提供了一条标准途径。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">也为我们打开了<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">一扇了解孩子未来可能性的窗户。</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">它为婴儿对于社会性和情感自我可能有的四个主要问题，提供了答案：</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 我怎么才能和他人建立良好关系？</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 当我探索环境的时候会发生什么事情？</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 我能得到什么？</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"> 当我不高兴的时候，别人会做些什么？</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">领悟：</font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">正视自己和孩子的依恋类型，好好看看科学研究为我们提供的线索：<br></font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">对养育中的一些问题，不妨思考一下婴儿有什么答案？</span></strong></span></strong></span><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">对于亲子关系中的问题，不妨问问孩子怎么想？</span></strong></span></strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">对于我们在感情、人际上遇到的问题，不妨也从自身角度去觉察，而不是定睛于他人。</span></strong></span></strong></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体">05</font></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">模仿：最早社会行为</font></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">小孩子是天生的模仿高手。很多事情其实他们并不明白，他看着大人哭，他也哭；大人笑，他也笑。枪打出头鸟，跟着别人跑应该不会错。这种模仿能力可能是进化过程中为了适应生存而天生具备的。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">模仿他人是最基本的而社会行为之一。虽然模仿对成人来说再自然不过，但对年幼的婴儿来说，的确是个挺艰巨的过程。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">模仿的核心是理解自己和他人的区别——瑞士著名心理学家Jean Piaget（皮亚杰）认为对于婴儿来说，这并不是很快就能做到的。他认为，婴儿要到8-12个月才能模仿他人。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">1977年，牛津大学Andrew Meltzoff和华盛顿大学的Keith Moore 发表了一项研究，对皮亚杰的理论进行质疑。这项研究后来成为了儿童心理学的一项经典实验。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">他们的实验非常直接。一位实验者坐在12-21天大的婴儿面前，对着婴儿吐舌头、张大嘴、撅起嘴唇并摇动手指。之后实验者一脸平静地看着婴儿，等待他的反应。很明显，婴儿在模仿他。这项实验的关键是确定婴儿的确是在模仿实验者，而不是因为其他原因吐舌头或者张大嘴。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">换句话说，这真的是模范还只是一些不能算作社会性互动的本能动作？</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">到底是不是模仿？</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><font size="3" face="宋体"></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">Meltzoff and Moore对其他各种可能的原因进行了排查：</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">婴儿是不是单纯因为实验者而感到兴奋？大概不是：当实验者张大嘴的时候，婴儿也张开嘴，但却没有吐舌头。实验者吐舌头的时候，婴儿才吐舌头。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">这些模拟是不是一种反射性动作？大概不是：即使实验者吐舌头的时候婴儿含着奶嘴，如果随后取下奶嘴，婴儿也会跟着吐舌头。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">是不是父母事前训练过孩子？不是。家长直到实验之后才被告知实验目的。</font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">实验者在最初</span></span><span style="max-width: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">吐舌头或者努嘴之后，有</span><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">没有一些其他的面部表情给了孩子提示？</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">没有。</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">实验者的面部被录了下来并进行单独的评定，在“婴儿反应期”的段时间内，他的面部表情被评定为“空白”。</span></span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">对那些认为婴儿天生具备部分社会交往能力的人来说，这项研究无疑是他们的一张王牌。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这项实验后来也被多次验证，说明婴儿并不需要赤手空拳闯天下，从很早起开始，他们就能控制自己的身体并且可以模仿他人。</span></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0);"><font size="3" face="宋体">领悟：</font></span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">模仿是孩子与生俱来的社会性技能，做家长的请不要低估孩子的能力，请重视言传身教的作用。</font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">从小、从细节上潜移默化的带动孩子，是教育达成的一个重要途径。</font></span></strong></span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; min-height: 1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); widows: 1; line-height: 2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">未完待续，且看明天继续分析~~</font></p><section style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.476px; widows: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></section><section style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.476px; widows: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">- END -</font></span></section><section style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); letter-spacing: 0.476px; widows: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></span></section><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); letter-spacing: 1px; text-indent: 34px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">文章内容来源网络，文字转载整理自公众号：心灵成长家园，原文未标注作者</font></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); letter-spacing: 1px; text-indent: 34px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体">所使用内容仅做公益性分享，图文版权归相关权利人所有，如若侵权请联系删除或注明出处</font></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 1.5px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font size="3" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;text-align: center;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></p>
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