钱志亮：让孩子爱上学习？激发学习动机很关键
<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"><p style="text-align: center;" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><br></p><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px;" helvetica="" neue',="" 'pingfang="" sc',="" 'hiragino="" sans="" gb',="" 'microsoft="" yahei="" ui',="" yahei',="" arial,="" sans-serif;max-width:="" 100%;box-sizing:="" border-box;min-height:="" 1em;letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;color:="" rgb(161,="" 161,="" 161);font-size:="" 13px;text-align:="" center;background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);line-height:="" normal;overflow-wrap:="" break-word="" !important;'=""><br></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">我曾经带小学四年级的孩子做《大风车》“挑战800”的节目，休息时一起聊为什么上学，</span><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67);font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 1px;">孩子们的回答五花八门：</span><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“学校有同学，在家里一个人待着没意思。”（为朋友？）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“学习知识和本领。”（为学习？）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“不上学找不到体面的工作。”（为工作？）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“爷爷说书中有黄金屋、颜如玉、千钟粟。”（为生活？）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“不学习怎么能当科学家呢？”（为目标？）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“我们不上学了，你们不就失业了吗？”（为赏给教师饭碗？）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“别人都上学了，我也要上学。”（为平等？）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“上学读书挺有意思的。”（为乐趣？）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“不上学干啥呢？”（为打发时光或为成长？）</span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">学生是教学活动中的主体，一切富有成效的教学都离不开学生积极主动的参与。</span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">从这个意义上讲，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">学生学习动机的激发</strong></span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">是实施各种有效的教学对策的前提。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">另一方面，教学活动又是师生双方互动的过程。学生积极的参与可以激发教师的教学热情，进而提高教学效果和教学质量。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">学习动机水平低</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是有学业问题的学生普遍存在的问题。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">在我们研究的对象中，大多数学业问题学生是动力型困难的学生，他们有明显的畏学、厌学情绪和逃学行为。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">由此可见，在对学业问题学生的教学对策中，学习动机的激发处于十分重要的地位。</span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">具体可从4个方面来着手：</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: normal;"><br></section><section data-id="92124" data-tools="135编辑器" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); letter-spacing: 0.54px;" helvetica="" neue',="" 'pingfang="" sc',="" 'hiragino="" sans="" gb',="" 'microsoft="" yahei="" ui',="" yahei',="" arial,="" sans-serif;font-size:="" 15px;max-width:="" 100%;background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);overflow-wrap:="" break-word;box-sizing:="" border-box="" !important;'=""><section style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; width: 677px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="background-position: center center; width: 80px; height: 30px; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(153, 189, 232); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="width: 80px; line-height: 30px; letter-spacing: 0.54px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 20px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;">01</span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%;" helvetica="" neue',="" 'pingfang="" sc',="" 'hiragino="" sans="" gb',="" 'microsoft="" yahei="" ui',="" yahei',="" arial,="" sans-serif;background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);line-height:="" 1.75em;letter-spacing:="" 1px;text-align:="" center;box-sizing:="" border-box="" !important;overflow-wrap:="" break-word="" !important;'=""><span style="font-weight: 700;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 2px;">激发孩子成就动机</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">成就动机是由成就需要转化而来的一种动机。</span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">它是指个人对自己认为重要或有价值的工作，不但愿意去做，而且能力争达到完美的一种</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">内在推动力量。</strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">研究表明，成就动机水平高的人希望获得成功，而当他失败之后，会加倍努力，直至成功。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">就中小学生而言，与其学习活动紧密相联的成就动机，更多地表现为获得优异的考试成绩，取得令人羡慕的竞赛名次等内在推动力量。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">成就动机水平高的学生从不满足已有的成绩或名次，而总是精益求精，心中抱有更高的追求；</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">较之一般的学生，他们具有更饱满的学习热情、更坚强的学习毅力以及更高的学习自觉性。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><p><mpcpc js_editor_cpcad="" class="js_cpc_area cpc_iframe" src="/cgi-bin/readtemplate?t=tmpl/cpc_tmpl#1622189989309" data-category_id_list="11|16|24|47|5|54" data-id="1622189989309"></mpcpc></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">实践证明，成就动机越强，成就需要的层次越高，对学生学习和成才的推动作用就越大。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">学业问题学生的成就动机水平往往是不高的。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; caret-color: red; box-sizing: border-box !important;">激发成就动机的核心是使学生获得学习成功的体验。</span></strong></span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">学习的成功体验是指在教育过程中，教师和父母要对孩子有积极的期望与具体、合适的要求，为孩子创造多方面成功的机会，让他们通过个人或集体的努力，不断发现自我，在心理上感受到学习成功的喜悦。</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></p><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: normal;"><br></section><section data-id="92124" data-tools="135编辑器" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); letter-spacing: 0.54px;" helvetica="" neue',="" 'pingfang="" sc',="" 'hiragino="" sans="" gb',="" 'microsoft="" yahei="" ui',="" yahei',="" arial,="" sans-serif;font-size:="" 15px;max-width:="" 100%;background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);overflow-wrap:="" break-word;box-sizing:="" border-box="" !important;'=""><section style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; width: 677px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="background-position: center center; width: 80px; height: 30px; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(153, 189, 232); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="width: 80px; line-height: 30px; letter-spacing: 0.54px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 20px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;">02</span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 2px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;">充分利用期望效应</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">在教育过程中，教师往往对学习好的优等生寄予厚望，使优等生的成就动机长盛不衰，却忽视了最需要转变期望值的学业问题学生。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">因此，教师应当</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">有意识地提高对学业问题学生的期望水平</strong></span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">，改变对待学业问题学生的一系列不正确的行为方式。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">在这一过程中，教师要注意的是不应该让学生感到虚假，认为教师是装出来的，否则会更伤害学生的自尊心，严重削弱其成就动机。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: normal;"><br></section><section data-id="92124" data-tools="135编辑器" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); letter-spacing: 0.54px;" helvetica="" neue',="" 'pingfang="" sc',="" 'hiragino="" sans="" gb',="" 'microsoft="" yahei="" ui',="" yahei',="" arial,="" sans-serif;font-size:="" 15px;max-width:="" 100%;background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);overflow-wrap:="" break-word;box-sizing:="" border-box="" !important;'=""><section style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; width: 677px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="background-position: center center; width: 80px; height: 30px; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(153, 189, 232); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="width: 80px; line-height: 30px; letter-spacing: 0.54px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 20px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;">03</span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%;" helvetica="" neue',="" 'pingfang="" sc',="" 'hiragino="" sans="" gb',="" 'microsoft="" yahei="" ui',="" yahei',="" arial,="" sans-serif;background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);line-height:="" 1.75em;letter-spacing:="" 1px;text-align:="" center;box-sizing:="" border-box="" !important;overflow-wrap:="" break-word="" !important;'=""><span style="letter-spacing: 2px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); font-size: 15px; font-family: 微软雅黑; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">强化成就意识</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一方面，应利用古今中外有志之士的故事、范例进行说理或组织讨论，激励学生勤奋学习、努力奋斗，培养学生高层次的成就需要；</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">另一方面，应帮助学生设立适当的学习目标，为实现高层次的成就需要形成一系列子目标。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: normal;"><br></section><section data-id="92124" data-tools="135编辑器" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); letter-spacing: 0.54px;" helvetica="" neue',="" 'pingfang="" sc',="" 'hiragino="" sans="" gb',="" 'microsoft="" yahei="" ui',="" yahei',="" arial,="" sans-serif;font-size:="" 15px;max-width:="" 100%;background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);overflow-wrap:="" break-word;box-sizing:="" border-box="" !important;'=""><section style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; width: 677px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="background-position: center center; width: 80px; height: 30px; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(153, 189, 232); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="width: 80px; line-height: 30px; letter-spacing: 0.54px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 20px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;">04</span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 2px;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 16px;">外部动机的激发</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">可以通过奖励、惩罚、创设课堂气氛等方法，给学生以适当的动力，这些是教学中常用的激励手段。奖励和惩罚将另文讨论。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">创设合作的课堂学习环境</span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">是影响学生学习动机的一个重要的外部因素。</span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">目前，教学中的弊端之一是过于强调竟争，以为促进学生（包括学业问题学生）学习的主要动力是竞争。</span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">学习竞争是能够起到促进学生学习的作用，但不能过度。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">其实，课堂竞争中优胜者只是一小部分，大多数学生是竞争的失败者，竞争恰恰更容易诱发学业问题学生的自卑、自弃心理，这是因为课堂里的竞争是以人际比较为前提的。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">人际比较实际上扩大了学生对自己能力信念的分化，因此</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">要淡化竞争，提倡建立合作的课堂气氛</strong></span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">，使每个学生都有成功和发展的机会，引导每个学生形成积极的动机模式，掌握学习的主动权。</span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">具体操作方法包括：</span></section><section data-role="paragraph"><p><br></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">① 改进评分方法，淡化竞争气氛，采用鼓励性评分，即只要学生在原有基础上有进步就可以得到一个好分数。</span><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">② 给学生充分选择的机会，让他们真正做学习的主人，让他们干能干的、愿意干的、想干的事，这样他们才会表现出主动性和积极性。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">例如：采用分层作业的方法让学生选择，比硬性规定学习任务更能激发他们的主动性，使他们体验到一种受人尊重与信任的情感，体验到自己是学习的主人。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">③ 提倡互助与协作。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">之所以强调教师与学生之间、学生与学生之间的互助与协作，是因为教师与学生之间不仅是师生关系，更是合作关系，教师与学生（包括学业问题学生）在人格上是平等的。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">这就有利于营造民主、和谐的课堂气氛，激发学生积极的情绪，以促进学习；</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">而同学之间的学习互助与协作，不仅可以帮助学业问题学生改进学业，也可以使助人的学业优良学生进一步得到锻炼。</span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></p><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: normal;"><br></section><section data-id="92124" data-tools="135编辑器" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); letter-spacing: 0.54px;" helvetica="" neue',="" 'pingfang="" sc',="" 'hiragino="" sans="" gb',="" 'microsoft="" yahei="" ui',="" yahei',="" arial,="" sans-serif;font-size:="" 15px;max-width:="" 100%;background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);overflow-wrap:="" break-word;box-sizing:="" border-box="" !important;'=""><section style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; width: 677px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="background-position: center center; width: 80px; height: 30px; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(153, 189, 232); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="width: 80px; line-height: 30px; letter-spacing: 0.54px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 20px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;">05</span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 2px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;">内部动机的激发</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">激发学业问题学生内部动机的措施包括归因训练、角色转换、获得成功体验、激发兴趣和培养良好的学习态度等。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">①</span><strong data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">归因训练</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></strong></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">归因训练是针对学生在学业成败情境中的归因障碍而设计的干预计划。</span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">学业问题学生往往<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">把失败归于外部的不可控因素</strong>，如运气不好、能力低、任务太难等。<br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">这容易使他们产生无能为力的心理，降低他们在学习任务特别是困难面前的坚持性和自信心。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></strong></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">② </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">角色转换</span></strong></span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">学业问题学生在教师、同学的眼里往往是“嫌弃儿”的角色，他们在集体里往往不受欢迎，处于被忽视的地位。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">这种角色、地位深深影响他们的自尊自信，从而使他们对课堂学习中更加反感、敌对。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果让小学高年级学业问题学生担任低年级学生的数学辅导老师，如要求他们课后对低年级学生进行第二天数学课程的预习辅导。</span></section><p style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">则学业问题学生在社会角色改变后，数学成绩会有显著提高，其自我概念、成就动机、人际关系、测验焦虑等都会出现不同程度的积极改变。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></strong></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">③</span><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); font-family: 微软雅黑; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">为学生创设成功的机会</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></strong></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">学业问题学生常常</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">过分夸大学习中的困难，过低估计自己的能力</strong>。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">这就需要教师为这些学生创设成功的机会，让他们在学习活动中通过成功地完成学习任务、解决困难来体验和认识自己的能力。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">④ </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">树立成功的榜样</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">一个人看到与自己水平差不多的示范者取得成功时，就会增强自我信念，认为自己也能完成同样的任务。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">例如，可以把原来基础较差、进步较快的学生作为学业问题学生的示范者，要求他们观察、讨论同学是怎么取得进步的。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">这种榜样示范对班上一部分学业问题学生的确会产生较大的激励作用，使他们认识到学习难关并不是不可攻破的。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">⑤ </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">在自身进步中体验到成功</span></strong></span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong data-brushtype="text" style="color: rgb(67, 67, 67); max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></strong></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">学业问题学生把自己同学业优良学生比较，会觉得自己样样不如别人，越比自信心越低。但同自己的过去比较，个人的进步则能使学生获得成功的体验，增强自信心。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">在对学业问题学生进行个别辅导时，教师要帮助他们制订出个人的目标与计划，并制定出落实这些计划的具体措施。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(67, 67, 67); box-sizing: border-box !important;">在实施过程中使学生发现自己的进步，其目的就是使学生通过实现自我参照目标来体验成功，正确认识自己的能力，改变对学习无能为力的心理状态。</span></section><section data-id="92013" data-tools="135编辑器" helvetica="" neue',="" 'pingfang="" sc',="" 'hiragino="" sans="" gb',="" 'microsoft="" yahei="" ui',="" yahei',="" arial,="" sans-serif;letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;max-width:="" 100%;overflow-wrap:="" break-word;box-sizing:="" border-box="" !important;'=""><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-id="92013" data-tools="135编辑器" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-top: 1.5em; display: flex; max-width: 100%; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="width: 2em; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;display: block;transform: scaleX(-1);overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 34px !important;visibility: visible !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section><section data-brushtype="text" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 189, 232); font-size: 16px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">END</section><section style="width: 2em; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;display: block;overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 34px !important;visibility: visible !important;box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; text-align: center;"><mp-miniprogram data-miniprogram-appid="wxb5fddff56c4f24cf" data-miniprogram-path="pages/home/dashboard/index" data-miniprogram-nickname="亮荐" data-miniprogram-avatar="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/xd5lsiaFDsSJhIgMoog8t7PN2jcbPEjpy6ZmkytmmZWRWz9JyliaenZzhP42CVpVebGW3lhuBUKuExDtn6WEIXRA/640?wx_fmt=png&wxfrom=200" data-miniprogram-title="点击进入" data-miniprogram-imageurl="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YSGpgVEicgHUf6z7bRe1vicQGqS5iagUXBJqIibA2NNSr7aCrLib9j8kqlJZOicLSxhaEhFfhHic0FMlWBDMAUjF1gWEg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-miniprogram-type="card" data-miniprogram-servicetype="0"></mp-miniprogram></section><br>转载声明：本文转载自「钱志亮工作室」，搜索「qzlgzs」即可关注，[<a target="_blank" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2TgjdVQznPSr4JckHq546w">阅读原文</a>]。</div><p></p>
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