中小学危机干预手册（教师篇+家长篇）
<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">北京师范大学心理学部儿童创伤干预小组，面向教师和家长，推出了《危机干预应急手册》，以期让大家了解危机事件可能对学生带来的影响，快速识别需要帮助的学生，并为教师和家长自身提供有效的危机干预方式。</section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin: 15px 8px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 10%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 10px; border-color: rgb(244, 220, 50) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; text-align: justify; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">教 师 篇</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 auto; align-self: stretch; min-width: 10%; height: auto; background-color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">01</strong></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 0%; align-self: stretch; height: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; transform: perspective(0px); transform-style: flat; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; transform: rotateX(180deg); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; min-width: 10%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; align-self: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(120, 120, 120); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; flex: 100 100 0%; height: auto; align-self: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">危机事件对师生的影响</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><h3 style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;">● <strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">对学生的影响：</strong></span></h3><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">各类天灾人祸，特别是危及生命的事件，都可能造成强烈的情感失控反应和心理伤害。这种伤害会带来心理上的痛苦，夹杂着强烈的担心、恐惧和无助感，有时超出人类正常的承受范围。当突发的灾难性事件超过个体心理承受时，就可能会出现<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">心理创伤。</strong></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">人为灾害（如暴力行为、情感/心理虐待、性侵等）易使人形成I型（急性）创伤，其特点为：形成创伤的时间是短暂的，或者是一次性的；可以发生在所有年龄段；形成创伤后的持续时间不长，一般三个月，有的可自然愈合，有的经过治疗获益，有的可能转化成II型（慢性）心理创伤。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">人们经历了灾难性事件后，会有更高的警觉性、强烈的恐惧和持续的焦虑。创伤后一个月内，个体会因为担心和恐惧，而花费大量时间考虑或寻找环境中的威胁信息，处于高度敏感、情绪易怒的状态，一旦遇到相关信息就会变得过于惊吓。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">造成重大影响的暴力事件（尤其是发生在学校的暴力事件），会让学生感到困惑和恐惧, 他们会觉得自己有危险、或担心朋友或亲人有危险。家长和教师可以通过保持常态、建立安全感、并和学生谈论他们的恐惧，来帮助学生应对危机事件带来的影响。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width:auto !important;max-width:100% !important;height:auto !important;"></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><h3 style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">● <span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">对教师的影响：</span></strong></span></h3><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">危机事件于教师而言，同样是一场灾难。教师一方面需肩负保障学生身心健康、维护学校秩序的责任；一方面，教师自身也深受危机事件影响，还需与学生家长沟通，体会着复杂情绪，承担着较大压力。此时，教师们常见的情绪有愤怒、有沮丧，有不能合理面对媒体和家长的压抑和委屈。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在理解学生们会对危机事件产生不同的情绪反应的同时，教师也需要接纳、理解自己对事件产生的种种反应，勇敢面对负面情绪。教师只有处理好自己的情绪，才能帮助学生处理情绪。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><h3 style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">● <strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">教师自身的情绪调节</strong></h3><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">寻求社会支持。社会支持可来源于家庭、朋友、同样经历过危机事件的人。不要怕麻烦别人，或担心情绪会影响他人。在经历危机事件后，人们需要同伴、家庭的支持以调节情绪、度过危机。当你希望与他人聊天、倾诉时，可以通过以下准备更好地达到处理情绪的目的：</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="padding: 25px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 661px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(146, 146, 146); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.4; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 仔细思考要去与谁倾诉。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 提前想一下可能聊什么。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 选择好合适的时间地点。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 从实际的、具体的事件谈起。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5. 让他人知道你需要与他们聊聊，或仅仅只想与他们呆在一起。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">6. 当你准备好时，可以开始谈谈你的看法和感受。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">7. 告诉别人你很感激他们的陪伴与倾听。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">8. 告诉别人你需要什么、他们如何帮到你——说一件他们当下就可以帮到你的具体的事。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">做放松练习可以有效缓解焦虑情绪，比如“呼吸练习法”。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="padding: 25px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 661px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(146, 146, 146); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.4; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 缓慢的吸气，让空气慢慢进入鼻子或嘴巴，慢慢填充肺部。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 慢慢地、轻轻地跟自己说，“我感觉我的身体在变平静”。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 用嘴慢慢呼气，感觉肺部慢慢空下去。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 慢慢地轻轻地跟自己说，“我感觉紧张正在慢慢走远”。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">5. 重复5次。</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">教师还可以通过以下放松情绪：</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="padding: 25px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 661px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(146, 146, 146); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.4; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 适度锻炼。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 保持正常作息。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 保持饮食健康。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 安排与兴趣爱好相关的活动。</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">若上述均无法有效帮助您调节负面情绪，可选择通过心理咨询。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width:auto !important;max-width:100% !important;height:auto !important;"></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 auto; align-self: stretch; min-width: 10%; height: auto; background-color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">02</strong></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 0%; align-self: stretch; height: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; transform: perspective(0px); transform-style: flat; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; transform: rotateX(180deg); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; min-width: 10%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; align-self: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(120, 120, 120); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; flex: 100 100 0%; height: auto; align-self: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">识别受</strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">事件影响较大的学生</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">创伤性事件对个体造成的影响，一般是在多种因素影响下产生的，主要包括 <strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">(a)创伤性事件的特质和 (b)个人风险因素。</strong>我们需要通过了解学生对危机事件的反应，以评估事件对其造成的影响。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">创伤性事件</strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">的特质</strong></span>包括：事件的可预测性、持续性、规模及所造成的后果。一般来说，突发的、意料不到的、涉及严重伤亡的及持续长时间的事件会对个体造成较大影响。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">个人风险因素</strong>包括：是否身处危机事件发生现场、与当事人的关系及个人的脆弱程度。一般来说，越接近事发现场、与当事人关系越密切、患有精神健康问题、缺乏社交支援或平日应对能力较弱的学生，会较容易受创伤性事件影响。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">可见，首先需要关注的是危机事件当事人。另外，目睹事发过程的学生，以及与受伤害学生关系密切者，也需加以关注。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">此外，教师可以加强了解其他学生对受创伤的学生的反应，以及他们分享的信息，保护同学免受其他学生的细节询问。当教师观察到或收到他人反馈，知晓有同学出现下列表现时，便需要引起重视，及时提供适合的干预——</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="padding: 25px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 661px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(146, 146, 146); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.4; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 焦虑、恐惧，以及对自我和他人安全的担忧。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 不安情绪增加（烦躁，喜怒无常）。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 在班级里上课或做作业时注意力下降，难以集中。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 缺勤/逃学，不愿去学校。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">5. 对他人表现出不信任感，影响到和他人的交往和相处。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">6. 关于身体状况的抱怨增加（例如头痛、胃痛、对轻微的磕碰和擦伤反应过度）。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">7. 对于创伤事件重复提及或经历（如反复讨论创伤事件，“玩”或画关于创伤事件的“游戏”或画，做相关噩梦）。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">8. 对身体接触、明亮的照明、突然移动或大声的声响（如铃声、关门或警报器）反应过度或反应不足。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">9. 提到死亡或提问相关的问题。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">10. 回避行为（例如，抗拒再去厕所、操场或其他让孩子想起危机事件的场所）。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">11. 情绪麻木（例如，似乎对创伤事件没有什么感觉）。</span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width:auto !important;max-width:100% !important;height:auto !important;"></span></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 auto; align-self: stretch; min-width: 10%; height: auto; background-color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">03</strong></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 0%; align-self: stretch; height: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; transform: perspective(0px); transform-style: flat; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; transform: rotateX(180deg); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; min-width: 10%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; align-self: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(120, 120, 120); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; flex: 100 100 0%; height: auto; align-self: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><h2 style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(4, 112, 76); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">面对可能受到创伤的学生，教师能做些什么？</strong></span></h2><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">危机事件发生后，学生需要获得及时的支持以重建安全感。此时，聆听、理解和提醒的态度尤为重要——</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">● <strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">聆听：</strong>教师要聆听学生的感受，让他们有机会表达情绪，以一颗同理心，接受学生不同的感受及想法。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(4, 112, 76); font-size: 10px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">●</span> <strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">理解：</strong>理解学生关于震惊、内疚、愤怒或哀伤的感受，明白这些感受都是常见反应。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(4, 112, 76); font-size: 10px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">●</span> <strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">提醒：</strong>提醒自己和学生，不愉快的事总会过去；在困难的时刻要好好照顾和爱惜自己；如果遇到困扰或难题时应该寻求帮助。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">下面是教师面对学生的不同反应，可供参考的相应建议：</p><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果学生不相信、困惑、混乱</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——教师要认同事件的确难以置信，学生们需要花时间去接受事实，指出人们的确会有复杂的感受，觉得混乱甚至不知所措都是正常反应。可建议学生在危机事件发生后，尝试做喜欢的事，保持正常作息、与家人和朋友在一起，不要担心已经发生的事。告知学生，若感到极度困扰，应向老师或家长求助。</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果学生害怕</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——请告诉此类学生，害怕、惊慌都是正常反应。教师要向学生保证学校和家的安全性, 要让他们知道成人会保护他们。可通过班会、团体活动等方式，与感到害怕的学生共同想出缓解情绪的办法。告知学生,若这些情绪严重影响了日常生活，需及时向老师或家长求助。</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果学生悲伤</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——请告诉学生这是正常反应，允许学生表达悲伤，需留意学生是否过度悲伤，便于做进一步支持和帮助。</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果学生愤怒</strong></section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——教师要谅解，无需争论谁对此负责。教师需要注意自己在学生面前的谈话内容, 并且限制孩子接触报复性、仇恨性和充满愤怒的言谈。这些言谈可能会被孩子误解。告诉学生：如果觉得生气或愤怒，可通过告知老师、父母寻求帮助。</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果学生内疚</strong></section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——教师需要欣赏他们对当事人的关怀，缓解其内疚、自责的情绪。</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果学生表现出不尊重</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——教师无需纠缠，理解其产生这样反应的原因。但是当有学生出现过分的行为，如侮辱当事人时，教师不应容忍，需通过思想教育让同学意识到自己行为的不妥，并倾听学生的想法和感受，告知其合适的处理方式。</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果学生对事件本身存疑</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——教师需要告知同学，事件的发生通常不是由某个单一原因造成的，背后有很多复杂及长远的因素影响。告诉学生相关事实，不要假装事件没有发生或事件并不严重。</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果学生无特别反应</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——教师不要误会此类学生是无动于衷或欠缺同情心，也不要要求学生必须表现出某些情绪或态度。告诉学生，有些反应可能会稍后出现，需要时可向老师寻求帮助。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">教师还可以为学生提供“及时支持”—— </section><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </p><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="padding: 25px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 661px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(146, 146, 146); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 安全感：确保学生是足够安全的，远离危险的场所和环境；保持诚实，如果环境不安全，要真诚地告诉学生；找到学生的家人。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 冷静：用分散注意力的方法，让自己保持冷静（保持眼睛接触、讨论一些没有危险的事情，讨论自己感兴趣的东西），不要询问有关事件的详情。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 效能感：尽可能提升学生的自我效能感，告知学生最新消息、服务状态等；让他们知道怎样更好地照顾自己；让学生想一些之前自己有较好效能感的例子。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 希望：增强学生的希望感，让他们知道好的结果会出现，把自己的经验分享给学生们。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5. 联系：让学生和同龄人保持接触，从其他人处获得支持，尽可能提供给学生心理的、身体的和实践方面的支持。</section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">教师还可以充分利用课堂，给经历创伤性事件的学生提供支持：</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="padding: 25px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 661px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(146, 146, 146); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 给学生提供表达的机会（不是强迫），可以采用言语或非言语的行为（画画、音乐等）。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 不要避免谈论创伤：给学生提供问问题的机会，不要过分保护学生，交给学生常规的压力处理方法。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 促进积极的体验，让学生知道他们是可以笑的，可以玩的。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 持续观察学生的表现，是不是存在心理变化，是不是会过多或过少谈论创伤性事件。</section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">教师可以考虑短期内调整学校的教学工作：</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="padding: 25px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 661px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(146, 146, 146); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 减少作业量，减轻压力。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 留出额外时间让学生完成作业。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(86, 86, 86); box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 如果学生情绪激烈，可以让其找指定的成年人帮助。</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="margin: 15px 8px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 10%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 10px; border-color: rgb(244, 220, 50) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; text-align: justify; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">家 长 篇</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 auto; align-self: stretch; min-width: 10%; height: auto; background-color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">01</strong></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 0%; align-self: stretch; height: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; transform: perspective(0px); transform-style: flat; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; transform: rotateX(180deg); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; min-width: 10%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; align-self: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(120, 120, 120); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section></section></section><h2 style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如何评估创伤性事件对孩子造成的影响</strong></span></h2><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">创伤性事件，主要包括<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”创伤性事件的特质”</strong>和<strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">”个人风险因素”</strong>。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“创伤性事件的特质”</strong>，包括事件的可预测性、持续性、规模及所造成的后果。一般来说，突发和意料不到、涉及严重伤亡和持续长时间的事件，会对个体造成较大影响。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“个人风险因素”</strong>，包括是否身处危机事件发生现场、与当事人关系及个人的脆弱程度。一般来说，越接近事发现场、与当事人关系越密切、患有精神健康问题、缺乏社交支援或平日应对能力较弱的学生会较容易受创伤性事件影响。由此可见，即使目睹/听闻严重的伤害性事件的孩子，也需要大人关注。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width:auto !important;max-width:100% !important;height:auto !important;"></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 auto; align-self: stretch; min-width: 10%; height: auto; background-color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">02</strong></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; flex: 0 0 0%; align-self: stretch; height: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; transform: perspective(0px); transform-style: flat; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; text-align: center; transform: rotateX(180deg); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 12px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 6px 3px; border-color: rgb(4, 112, 76) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; min-width: 10%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; align-self: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(120, 120, 120); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(4, 112, 76); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">创伤性事件发生后，家长能做些什么？</strong></span></section><h3 style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></h3><h3 style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">● <strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">识别创伤信号</strong></h3><h3 style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></h3><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">有时候，孩子的异常表现容易被忽视，需要家长细心观察，评估孩子是否受到影响。经历创伤性事件的孩子往往在情绪、行为、身体感知和思维方面表现出和以往不太一样的症状。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">学龄期儿童，可能有如下表现：</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </p><h4 style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">情绪方面</strong></span></h4><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 焦虑、恐惧，以及对自我和他人安全的担忧（对家长或老师依赖程度增加）</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 不安情绪增加（异乎寻常地烦躁，喜怒无常）</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 过度唤醒（例如，睡眠困扰，或者易受惊吓）</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 情绪麻木（例如，似乎对创伤事件没有什么感觉）</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><h4 style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">行为方面</strong></span></h4><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 活动水平增加或减少</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 离群独处，不愿与他人接触</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 注意力和/或专注力水平下降</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 出现言语或行动上的攻击行为</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5. 旷课，不愿上学，学业成绩倒退</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">6. 不信任他人</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">7. 对他人的言语理解和反应力发生变化</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">8. 重现创伤事件（如说出事件、玩游戏或绘画时重现）</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">9. 出现回避行为(如拒绝去让他们想起这件事的地方)</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><h4 style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">身体感知方面</strong></h4><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 身体不适增加（头疼、胃疼、对轻微的肿块或者瘀伤反应过度）</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 食欲不振、没有精神</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 感到紧张、心跳加速、出汗、肌肉紧张</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 对突然出现的声音或者光亮反应过度或不足</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5. 过度觉醒(如睡眠障碍、易受惊吓倾向)</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><h4 style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 3em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">思维方面</strong></span></h4><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 难以集中精神、思维混乱、判断或组织能力减弱</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 反复想起创伤事故的场面</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 善忘，记忆力减退</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4. 晚上做噩梦或白天反复出现回忆</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5. 自责、担心自己和他人安全</section><section style="margin-right: 32px; margin-left: 32px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">6. 出现关于死亡的描述或者提问</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><h3 style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">● <span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); font-size: 17px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">协助孩子面对</strong></span></h3><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果孩子出现以上表现，家长可以做以下事情：</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一是鼓励孩子用不同的方式表达感受，并聆听他们的倾诉，加以安慰，不要急于给出意见。切勿要求孩子“不准讲”“不准提”来压抑感受。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果孩子感到内疚(埋怨自己未能阻止意外发生)，聆听他的倾诉，加以开解。请指出，意外有时很难避免，他不需为别人的选择或行为负责，藉此消除他们的疑虑。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">二是提供安全感和支持，给予孩子更多陪伴。请提醒他们，我们信任的警察、学校的负责人、政府领导已经对这次事件做了调查，这类事情以后不会这么容易再发生。不要对孩子隐瞒事实，不要假装事件没有发生或事件并不严重。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">三是只谈论事实，并且解释的内容要适合孩子的心智发展。小学低年级的孩子需要简单扼要的信息，并且保证他们的日常生活结构不会改变；小学高年级和初中低年级学生会提出更多问题，询问自己是否真的安全。他们需要大人帮助他们区分现实和想象。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">四是提供稳定的环境，尽快恢复正常的生活程序和活动，安排有益身心的活动，例如听音乐、运动，协助孩子放松自己，让他们把注意力投放在其他事情上。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">五是留意自己的情绪和压力状况。可以让孩子知道您很难过，但是您相信一切都会变得更好。如果您能有效地表达情绪， 您将能够更好地帮助孩子。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">六是及时寻求专业帮助，与当前事件有关联，过去曾经历过创伤或失去过亲人，有抑郁症或其它精神疾病、或有特殊需要的孩子，可能比其他孩子更容易出现严重反应。尤其注意观察那些有自杀风险的孩子， 请向精神健康方面的专业人员寻求帮助。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><h3 style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">●<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(84, 122, 109); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 17px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">其他可能问题</span></strong></span></h3><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 如孩子表现惊慌(如做噩梦、怕黑、不敢外出)，怎么办？</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如果孩子怕黑，不敢单独睡眠，做噩梦，不要取笑或只安慰他们，而是和孩子讨论解决办法。例如：安排家人陪伴孩子、睡时保留适量的光线、将房门打开等。如果孩子年幼，亦可让孩子抱着心爱的布娃娃睡觉。</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 如果孩子经历了同伴的重伤，家长应该怎样回应？</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">可以对孩子说：“这是一件不幸的事，他正在医院救治，我们感到担心和难过。希望他能尽快回到我们当中来，我们也要珍惜和保护自己的生命。”</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3. 我的家庭正面对一些压力，我应该怎样做？</section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">保持积极的信念，好好照顾自己；向信任的亲友倾诉；寻求适当的援助，如社工、心理咨询师等。</section></section></section></section><section label="Powered by 135editor.com" data-role="outer"><section data-id="2490" data-tools="135编辑器" style="border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: currentcolor;"><section style="margin: 5px auto;padding: 5px;border-width: 3px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(89, 155, 171);"><section data-bcless="lighten" style="padding: 15px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(157, 196, 205);"><section style="min-height: 1em; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑;line-height: 25.6px;"><strong>来源：</strong></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 25.6px;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 34px;">北师大心理学部心理健康服务中心</span></strong></span></strong></span></section><section style="min-height: 1em; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0em;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><strong style="color: inherit;font-family: 微软雅黑;font-size: 24px;letter-spacing: 0.54px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">声明：本号尊重原创，版权为原作者所有，部分文章和图片来源于网络，如有侵权，请微信留言，我们将及时删除。</span></strong></span></section></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 27.2px; widows: 1; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light; font-size: 12px; text-align: center; white-space-collapse: preserve; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p>转载声明：本文转载自「心理讲师联盟」，搜索「x66657172」即可关注，[<a target="_blank" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/pHCFvegzbcuD04RMr6MSKQ">阅读原文</a>]。</div><p></p>
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